Assalamu alaykum all!
Jazakillah khair to those who have taken advantage of the free 30 min session!
And if you are reading this and haven’t yet had a session, this is because I know you will soon, Inshallah and just wanted to let you know the special offer.
What's the Offer?
I only have a week left on my offer of free sessions and have 30 spaces left.
So what I will do is for 3 referrals you guys give me, you will receive a free MyBaked Cakes 10” cake! MyBaked Cakes is the new cake business that I and my family are setting up; we have a generation of cake baking behind us.
You can see some of them on my facebook page
http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=118130&id=507254609&l=de9df16fd6
What You Need To Do
So What do you need to do to get one of these 10” cakes for free?
1) Ensured you have had the free 30 min session yourself
2) Fill the online survey
3) Refer at least 3 sisters to myself (make sure they mention your name!)
4) Your referees complete the survey
5) Eat your cake, baked just the way you like it! :D
Offer ends 26th June 2009
Ma’salam
Sara Bhatti
DiscoverU Lifecoach
07888697639
And if you’re a brother reading this, never fear you can take advantage of this too, all you have to do is instead of referring 3 sisters, you will have to refer 4 sisters! :)
Showing posts with label Our Role. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Our Role. Show all posts
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
Thursday, June 11, 2009
This is the time
Assalamu alaykum wa rahmatualli wa barakatu!
Sara Bhatti here, I hope you have been well Inshallah. I wanted to share what I have been up to most recently.
I start by asking you….
Are you ready to TAKE YOURSELF ON!?
Sara Bhatti here, I hope you have been well Inshallah. I wanted to share what I have been up to most recently.
I start by asking you….
Are you ready to TAKE YOURSELF ON!?
"This is the time to become who
YOU have been destined to be"
Do you come home thinking “What did I do today?” Do you want to be able to enjoy your life and be in control? Perhaps you hoped things were different?
· ...wish people would treat you better?
· ...not quite sure where your life is leading?
· ...you want to achieve more?
· ...your parents don't listen to you?
· ...pleasing other people and their dreams and not fulfilling your own?
· …your children seem to have taken over your life?
· ...are you feeling unappreciated?
I have been there
I have wanted better. I have studied Psychology, Counselling, NLP, read self development books and even pop psychology books. I have been on Parent Coaching courses, experienced working with troubled families, worked with youth, Islamic Societies, experienced close bereavement, and seen things go wrong and how to succeed while being a Mediator in the Muslim community.
Recently trained by Muhammad Alshareef in Lifecoaching, I have gained a new perspective, putting together elements of NLP, mixing it up with SMART goals within the context of Islam made it complete, living with Ehsan, living with excellence.
I can see for sure There is a way to get back control.
I can see for sure There is a way to get back control.
Is this for Me?
· ...starting new things, a new job, the gym, a new degree but they are just not for you?
· ...want to get married, but just not the right time/person?
· ...expert in procrastination on things you thought you wanted to do?
· ...want to change something but don't know what?
· ...you want to fulfil your dreams?
· ...just not sure where you're headed?
Why not try Lifecoaching? E-mail me and we can get started Inshallah! saraybhatti@yahoo.co.uk
· ...starting new things, a new job, the gym, a new degree but they are just not for you?
· ...want to get married, but just not the right time/person?
· ...expert in procrastination on things you thought you wanted to do?
· ...want to change something but don't know what?
· ...you want to fulfil your dreams?
· ...just not sure where you're headed?
Why not try Lifecoaching? E-mail me and we can get started Inshallah! saraybhatti@yahoo.co.uk
How it Works
To be honest I was a bit skeptical about the whole lifecoach thing, until my curiosity got the better of me. The benefits are many, there is something for everyone!
Things to expect:
· ...holding yourself accountable to do things you're committed to do
· ...consistently grow and face new challenges
· ...clarify what you want
· ...understand your passion to drive you forward
· ...a wake up call to fulfill your dreams
· ...and more...!
Kick your excuses where the sun doesn’t shine!
Testimonials
This is what my clients have said:
“…You were remarkably professional… I definitely appreciated that (and your flexibility!). Other than that I really liked your ability to not give me answers but make me think of them, difficult as they were to vocalise. I realise my inability to answer certain things stems from a reluctance to search for the answers within myself, and I guess the session (and advice) has provided the start point from which I realise I need to search for certain answers.” – Zahra
“My Life Coach projected a contagious enthusiasm that dispelled the lethargy and got me motivated again about the steps I needed to take. Apparently she's been told she's bossy, but personally I need discipline and someone to egg me on, especially since I can lose interest easily. Thank you very much.” – EA
Your Future
You have two choices here, stop reading and continue your life as you have been or start the beginning of a new chapter and reveal the path you have been destined to walk. E-mail now!
Remember....
إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُغَيِّرُ مَا بِقَوْمٍ حَتَّىٰ يُغَيِّرُوا مَا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ
Allah does not change the condition of a people until they change what is in themselves. (13:11)
Small steps in the beginning to make change for yourself, is the start of your journey with Allah's aide.Helping you to fulfill challenges you face in your life. Book your free 30 min session. What are you waiting for?
Visit www.discoverulife.com for more information.
Sara Bhatti
DiscoverU Lifecoach
saraybhatti@yahoo.co.uk
07888697639
E-mail me. I am waiting to take this exciting journey with you!
Free 30 min session are offered for a limited time, please contact me before 19th June 2009 to book your free session
"This is the time to become who
YOU have been destined to be"
Labels:
Children,
Counselling,
Event,
Finding Work,
Health,
Our Role,
Student,
Training
Saturday, December 20, 2008
Volunteers neede for Muslim young offenders
VOLUNTEERS REQUIRED TO HELP YOUNG MUSLIM OFFENDERS (NW London)
Barnet Muslim Forum would like to work closely with the Youth
Offending Team in Barnet to assist Young Muslim Offenders. We
are looking for volunteers who can help, advise and support
the service. Currently there is a real shortage of Muslims
involved in the Justice System although the number of Muslim
young offenders remains high. This rewarding role would help
you give to your community a much needed service and would
reflect well upon your experience.
For more information please contact:
Tel: 07939 007 234
E-mail: zaheer.ali@barnetmu slimforum. co.uk
Website: www.barnetmuslimfor um.co.uk
Barnet Muslim Forum would like to work closely with the Youth
Offending Team in Barnet to assist Young Muslim Offenders. We
are looking for volunteers who can help, advise and support
the service. Currently there is a real shortage of Muslims
involved in the Justice System although the number of Muslim
young offenders remains high. This rewarding role would help
you give to your community a much needed service and would
reflect well upon your experience.
For more information please contact:
Tel: 07939 007 234
E-mail: zaheer.ali@barnetmu slimforum. co.uk
Website: www.barnetmuslimfor um.co.uk
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Some words on Reflection
Assalamu alaykum ya ummati
Yay my post grad in counselling psychology is over, but still got coursework to do…. For one of these works in question, we had to keep a diary.
I must admit, the basis for keeping a diary was not completely clear to me at first. I have kept a blog for about two years and I can see how it helps, but to write an essay based on it did seem daunting. Well that’s what I have just done, handed my “Personal and Professional Development” coursework in about 5 hours ago.
It does help, reflecting on what you have learnt, how you have grown, what skills that you have developed, and where you would like to develop more. But its not just what has changed professionally, but how as a person, have you changed. We have to discuss how we see ourselves changed during the last year.
But should we not be used to reflecting? At least spiritually? We have been reminded time and time again, to reflect, to ponder over our existence, to contemplate our final abode….
I put it to you, reflect over at least the last month or year, what have you achieve; in your profession, in your life and in the preparation of the inevitable death?
How are we to progress in our journeys if we do not know how we have traveled the road so far?
Yay my post grad in counselling psychology is over, but still got coursework to do…. For one of these works in question, we had to keep a diary.
I must admit, the basis for keeping a diary was not completely clear to me at first. I have kept a blog for about two years and I can see how it helps, but to write an essay based on it did seem daunting. Well that’s what I have just done, handed my “Personal and Professional Development” coursework in about 5 hours ago.
It does help, reflecting on what you have learnt, how you have grown, what skills that you have developed, and where you would like to develop more. But its not just what has changed professionally, but how as a person, have you changed. We have to discuss how we see ourselves changed during the last year.
But should we not be used to reflecting? At least spiritually? We have been reminded time and time again, to reflect, to ponder over our existence, to contemplate our final abode….
3:191 [and] who remember God when they stand, and when they sit, and when they lie down to sleep, and [thus] reflect on the creation of the heavens and the earth: "O our Sustainer! Thou hast not created [aught of] this without meaning and purpose. Limitless art Thou in Thy glory! Keep us safe, then, from suffering through fire!
الَّذِينَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللّهَ قِيَامًا وَقُعُودًا وَعَلَىَ جُنُوبِهِمْ
وَيَتَفَكَّرُونَ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ رَبَّنَا مَا خَلَقْتَ هَذا
بَاطِلاً سُبْحَانَكَ فَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ
(3:191)
I put it to you, reflect over at least the last month or year, what have you achieve; in your profession, in your life and in the preparation of the inevitable death?
How are we to progress in our journeys if we do not know how we have traveled the road so far?
Wednesday, February 13, 2008
Psychologist warns of "educational television" myth
LONDON (Reuters)
He's been characterised as the ultimate killjoy, the extremist fringe thinker who refuses to recognise the realities of modern life.
But for Dr Aric Sigman, an American psychologist living in Britain and the author of "Remotely Controlled: How Television is Damaging Our Lives", the battle against what he calls the "recreational junk food" of TV is one well worth fighting.
And as the BBC announced on Tuesday the launch of the nation's first ever television quiz show for pre-school children, Sigman's frustration with TV executives who claim to entertain and educate is growing.
"Television-makers will always justify themselves by saying that children enjoy their programmes," Sigman told Reuters in an interview. "They say they make children smile and laugh."
"But children will also smile if you give them cocaine. The argument that children enjoy something or laugh at something is not the basis on which you decide what is good for them."
The BBC's new show, "Kerwhizz", which it describes as a "new breakthrough multi-platform entertainment format" aimed at 4- to 6-year-olds is a perfect example, says Sigman, of another common claim by television makers: Our programmes are educational.
"The phrase 'educational television' was, of course, invented by people who make television," he says. "To me it's an oxymoron".
According to Sigman, who bases his assertions on studies published by medics from some of America's leading universities as well as his own worldwide research, science now suggests the quality of television children watch is of little consequence.
He points to the Tellytubbies, the globally successful toddler TV series hailed for its innovation and educational value, but also the subject of several warning studies including one by two Harvard academics entitled "Say No To Tellytubbies".
"Medical evidence is growing that for young children, being exposed to TV, computers and DVDs, -- irrespective of the quality of the programme -- has an impact on their health and development," he said.
"There is a definite inverse relationship between time spent watching any kind of television or screen when you are young and your ability to read and concentrate when you are older."
With the BBC billing its new pre-school quiz as being "visually stunning and packed with gags" -- and adding that it was "designed with the assistance of teachers" -- Sigman bemoans a lack of confidence among parents and child carers in their own ability to entertain and engage children.
Studies of brain activity have shown that a child doing simple mental arithmetic with coloured counters or beans has greater blood flow to the brain than one engaged what may look like a far more complex computer game, he says.
And it may be precisely the complexity -- the speed of edits, the colours and sounds and speeds children's media -- that is having a detrimental effect on their brain development.
"It may well be that your child learns from the TV that a certain country is in Africa, but that may well also come at the cost of doing something to their attention span," he said.
"Whereas if a parent is talking their children about geography or nature, they can learn without that risk and will physically exercise their brains in the process."
Sigman freely admits he has a TV at home -- only one -- which his children watch occasionally, but insists society is wrong to chastise as "kill-joys" the relatively few parents who ban television altogether, or allow only a few hours a week.
"My children have candy sometimes, and television is just like candy, it's recreational junk food," he said. "But it's a complete myth that children somehow inherently need TV -- otherwise they would be born with a television built into their stomachs, just like the Tellytubbies".
(Editing by Paul Casciato)
By Kate Kelland Reuters - Tuesday, February 12 06:28 pm
Whats your view?
He's been characterised as the ultimate killjoy, the extremist fringe thinker who refuses to recognise the realities of modern life.
But for Dr Aric Sigman, an American psychologist living in Britain and the author of "Remotely Controlled: How Television is Damaging Our Lives", the battle against what he calls the "recreational junk food" of TV is one well worth fighting.
And as the BBC announced on Tuesday the launch of the nation's first ever television quiz show for pre-school children, Sigman's frustration with TV executives who claim to entertain and educate is growing.
"Television-makers will always justify themselves by saying that children enjoy their programmes," Sigman told Reuters in an interview. "They say they make children smile and laugh."
"But children will also smile if you give them cocaine. The argument that children enjoy something or laugh at something is not the basis on which you decide what is good for them."
The BBC's new show, "Kerwhizz", which it describes as a "new breakthrough multi-platform entertainment format" aimed at 4- to 6-year-olds is a perfect example, says Sigman, of another common claim by television makers: Our programmes are educational.
"The phrase 'educational television' was, of course, invented by people who make television," he says. "To me it's an oxymoron".
According to Sigman, who bases his assertions on studies published by medics from some of America's leading universities as well as his own worldwide research, science now suggests the quality of television children watch is of little consequence.
He points to the Tellytubbies, the globally successful toddler TV series hailed for its innovation and educational value, but also the subject of several warning studies including one by two Harvard academics entitled "Say No To Tellytubbies".
"Medical evidence is growing that for young children, being exposed to TV, computers and DVDs, -- irrespective of the quality of the programme -- has an impact on their health and development," he said.
"There is a definite inverse relationship between time spent watching any kind of television or screen when you are young and your ability to read and concentrate when you are older."
With the BBC billing its new pre-school quiz as being "visually stunning and packed with gags" -- and adding that it was "designed with the assistance of teachers" -- Sigman bemoans a lack of confidence among parents and child carers in their own ability to entertain and engage children.
Studies of brain activity have shown that a child doing simple mental arithmetic with coloured counters or beans has greater blood flow to the brain than one engaged what may look like a far more complex computer game, he says.
And it may be precisely the complexity -- the speed of edits, the colours and sounds and speeds children's media -- that is having a detrimental effect on their brain development.
"It may well be that your child learns from the TV that a certain country is in Africa, but that may well also come at the cost of doing something to their attention span," he said.
"Whereas if a parent is talking their children about geography or nature, they can learn without that risk and will physically exercise their brains in the process."
Sigman freely admits he has a TV at home -- only one -- which his children watch occasionally, but insists society is wrong to chastise as "kill-joys" the relatively few parents who ban television altogether, or allow only a few hours a week.
"My children have candy sometimes, and television is just like candy, it's recreational junk food," he said. "But it's a complete myth that children somehow inherently need TV -- otherwise they would be born with a television built into their stomachs, just like the Tellytubbies".
(Editing by Paul Casciato)
By Kate Kelland Reuters - Tuesday, February 12 06:28 pm
Whats your view?
Sunday, August 26, 2007
Psychologists and Torture
Assalamu alaykum
August issue of the British Psychologist - The Psychologist magazine, has an intriging article, please read and share your thoughts.
August 2007 484
The Psychologist Vol 20 No 8
Psychologists and torture
HOW can organised psychology best promote and protect human rights in relation to military occupation and the detention of terrorist suspects or insurgents?
The very terms used to pose this question indicate its fundamentally political nature. ‘Organised psychology’ refers to bodies like the British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association (APA), but such bodies represent a variety of interests. For example, there are significant numbers of US psychologists in the pay of the military and related state organisations, as well as an APA ‘Division of Peace Psychology’. ‘Military occupation’ can indicate a particular understanding of the situations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine or Haiti, with varying views on where the liberation of the populations and the bringing of democracy sit on the agenda. ‘Terrorist suspects’ or ‘insurgents’ implies contrasting understandings of the motives of political violence, and of how people should be treated.
The US reservations, at least if narrowly interpreted, would exempt hooding, forced adoption of stress positions, isolation and sleep denial – the very techniques that formed the core of the CIA methods used at occupied Guantánamo, Abu Ghraib, and elsewhere (McCoy, 2006; Physicians for Human Rights, 2005) and by the British in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s (Watson, 1978). Basoglu et al. (2007) have recently provided empirical evidence that ‘psychological manipulations, humiliating treatment, and forced stress positions, do not seem to be substantially different from physical torture in terms of the severity of mental suffering they cause, the underlying mechanism of traumatic stress, and their long-term psychological outcome’. So when the APA condemned torture, it may be argued that its definition, being parasitic on the US reservations, excluded precisely the kind of torture (approved by Defence
Secretary Rumsfeld in December 2002) based on psychological research and which psychological interrogation consultants might advise on. Similarly, the reservations and the APA exclude from the definition of torture the newer use of cultural, religious and sexual ridicule again documented at Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib.
While the APA declaration is clear that the same ethical rules apply to those in healthcare roles and those in other roles, this legitimation is in stark contrast to the position adopted by the World Medical Association, its 1975 declaration of Tokyo following the BMA review of the Northern Ireland experience. This declaration proscribed the participation of physicians in designing, or even monitoring, interrogation strategies. This rule was also adopted by both the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Psychiatric Association.
Moreover, the 1982 United Nations General Assembly addressed the ethical questions associated with the participation of medical and other health workers in the interrogation of detainees. These principles establish as an absolute rule that health workers ‘may not engage, actively or passively, in acts which constitute participation in, complicity in, incitement to or attempts to commit torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’ (cited in Rubinstein et al., 2005).
The BPS (2005) made a clear declaration against torture and the participation of psychologists and the use of psychological knowledge in its design. While it does not explicitly proscribe the
participation of psychologists in interrogation, it does endorse the UN declaration. Its position is at least implicitly in line with the medical bodies listed above, and at variance with the APA.
Just following orders?
The implication is that psychologists are permitted to assist in torture and abuse if they can claim that they first tried to resolve the conflict between their ethical responsibility and the law, regulations or government legal authority. Otherwise they can invoke the Nuremberg defence, but would still of course be out of step with international law. But this problem would not arise at all if there were a clear ban on all participation in interrogation, as suggested by Anne Anderson’s letter to Gerald Koocher of the APA.
DISCUSS AND DEBATE
How can psychologists best work to prevent military interventions in other countries?
August issue of the British Psychologist - The Psychologist magazine, has an intriging article, please read and share your thoughts.
August 2007 484
The Psychologist Vol 20 No 8
Psychologists and torture
More than a question of interrogation
MARK BURTON and CAROLYN KAGAN on how organised psychology should respond.
HOW can organised psychology best promote and protect human rights in relation to military occupation and the detention of terrorist suspects or insurgents?
The very terms used to pose this question indicate its fundamentally political nature. ‘Organised psychology’ refers to bodies like the British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association (APA), but such bodies represent a variety of interests. For example, there are significant numbers of US psychologists in the pay of the military and related state organisations, as well as an APA ‘Division of Peace Psychology’. ‘Military occupation’ can indicate a particular understanding of the situations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine or Haiti, with varying views on where the liberation of the populations and the bringing of democracy sit on the agenda. ‘Terrorist suspects’ or ‘insurgents’ implies contrasting understandings of the motives of political violence, and of how people should be treated.
The APA has entered this complex sociopolitical debate about psychologists’ role in ‘national security’ (see The Psychologist, News, October 2006, and this month; Letters, November 2006). There are a number of key issues, not all of which were reported by The Psychologist or have surfaced within the APA debate. The main purpose here is not to document the debate and internal politics of the APA – that can be found elsewhere (Behnke, 2006; Moorhead-Slaughter, 2006; Psychologists for Social Responsibility, 2006a; Soldz, 2006a, 2006b; Summers, 1992); instead, the intention is to contextualise this debate in the wider debates and controversies on psychological torture. While the key issues we discuss have the APA at their heart, they are relevant to us all, due to the extensive influence of the APA over professional psychology worldwide.
What constitutes ‘torture’?
The APA’s President’s Task Force Report on Psychological Ethics and National Security (The PENS Report: APA, 2005) embraces the US government’s ‘Reservations, Declarations and Understandings’ to the United Nations Convention on Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or punishment (see McCoy, 2006; Soldz, 2006b). There are no less than 19 of these reservations (in itself remarkable), but the central issue is the definition of psychological torture itself.
The APA’s President’s Task Force Report on Psychological Ethics and National Security (The PENS Report: APA, 2005) embraces the US government’s ‘Reservations, Declarations and Understandings’ to the United Nations Convention on Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or punishment (see McCoy, 2006; Soldz, 2006b). There are no less than 19 of these reservations (in itself remarkable), but the central issue is the definition of psychological torture itself.
The US reservations, at least if narrowly interpreted, would exempt hooding, forced adoption of stress positions, isolation and sleep denial – the very techniques that formed the core of the CIA methods used at occupied Guantánamo, Abu Ghraib, and elsewhere (McCoy, 2006; Physicians for Human Rights, 2005) and by the British in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s (Watson, 1978). Basoglu et al. (2007) have recently provided empirical evidence that ‘psychological manipulations, humiliating treatment, and forced stress positions, do not seem to be substantially different from physical torture in terms of the severity of mental suffering they cause, the underlying mechanism of traumatic stress, and their long-term psychological outcome’. So when the APA condemned torture, it may be argued that its definition, being parasitic on the US reservations, excluded precisely the kind of torture (approved by Defence
Secretary Rumsfeld in December 2002) based on psychological research and which psychological interrogation consultants might advise on. Similarly, the reservations and the APA exclude from the definition of torture the newer use of cultural, religious and sexual ridicule again documented at Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib.
The role of psychologists
The APA also legitimises the role of psychologists in interrogation:
…it is consistent with the APA Ethics Code for psychologists to serve in consultative roles to interrogation and information-gathering processes for national security-related purposes…
(APA, 2005, p.1)
(APA, 2005, p.1)
While the APA declaration is clear that the same ethical rules apply to those in healthcare roles and those in other roles, this legitimation is in stark contrast to the position adopted by the World Medical Association, its 1975 declaration of Tokyo following the BMA review of the Northern Ireland experience. This declaration proscribed the participation of physicians in designing, or even monitoring, interrogation strategies. This rule was also adopted by both the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Psychiatric Association.
Moreover, the 1982 United Nations General Assembly addressed the ethical questions associated with the participation of medical and other health workers in the interrogation of detainees. These principles establish as an absolute rule that health workers ‘may not engage, actively or passively, in acts which constitute participation in, complicity in, incitement to or attempts to commit torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’ (cited in Rubinstein et al., 2005).
Therefore, by allowing psychologists to participate or assist in the interrogation process, the APA is adopting a position out of step with both the medical profession (as Anne Anderson of Psychologists for Social Responsibility pointed out in a letter in 2006 to APA President Gerald Koocher) and the wider UN declaration on health workers, while at the same time making a declaration that appears to condemn psychological torture.
The US context is distinctive. The military established Behavioural Science Consultation Teams to advise the Guantánamo interrogators (Miles, 2007; Physicians for Human Rights, 2005; Soldz, 2006a, 2006b). While the AMA and the American Psychiatric Association gave clear directions that this was inappropriate, the APA, following its military-dominated PENS Task Force, leaves the road open. Perhaps this is why the US military is reported as saying that it is planning to ‘use only psychologists…to help interrogators devise strategies to get information from detainees at places like Guantánamo Bay’ (New York Times, 7 June 2006, cited by Psychologists for Social Responsibility, 2006b).
The BPS (2005) made a clear declaration against torture and the participation of psychologists and the use of psychological knowledge in its design. While it does not explicitly proscribe the
participation of psychologists in interrogation, it does endorse the UN declaration. Its position is at least implicitly in line with the medical bodies listed above, and at variance with the APA.
Just following orders?
Most concerning of all, the APA allows its members the ‘Nuremberg defence’ that ‘I was only following orders’. Article 1.02 of the 2002 revision of the APA Ethics Code reads:
If psychologists’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict. If the conflict is unresolvable via such means, psychologists may adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority. (APA, 2002)
The implication is that psychologists are permitted to assist in torture and abuse if they can claim that they first tried to resolve the conflict between their ethical responsibility and the law, regulations or government legal authority. Otherwise they can invoke the Nuremberg defence, but would still of course be out of step with international law. But this problem would not arise at all if there were a clear ban on all participation in interrogation, as suggested by Anne Anderson’s letter to Gerald Koocher of the APA.
As Miles (2004) indicates, the notion that by being present in compromised interrogations psychologists can prevent harm is almost certainly illusory, with significant risks of being ‘drawn in’ to the whole process. An ethical rulebook is a weak safeguard in such total institutions as
the Guantánamo or Abu Ghraib prisons, or in many other military and penal contexts.
the Guantánamo or Abu Ghraib prisons, or in many other military and penal contexts.
The roots of the APA position
The APA rests its declarations on two ethical principles, the first is the uncontroversial ‘do no harm’, while the second is that ‘psychologists are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society’. Former APA President Gerald Koocher (cited in Soldz 2006c) used the combination of these principles to legitimise the involvement of US psychologists in interrogation and other roles in State security.
However, in our view the problem is not one of individual professional practice but of collusion with a whole oppressive system. The APA’s position is arguably consistent with a 50-year history of psychologists’ collaboration with US state security. As detailed by McCoy (2006), the CIA took up Hebb’s Canadian defencefunded work on sensory deprivation, funding further work to take it to its limits in producing psychological breakdown. This research and the phenomenon of sensory deprivation is the cornerstone of psychological torture, a paradigm refined
over the years (CIA, n.d.-b). This further development has been done within the
agency – for example in the mass torture of prisoners during the Vietnam war (McCoy, 2006), or through the culture-specific elements added for Muslim detainees in the present conflict (Physicians for Human Rights, 2005; Soldz, 2006b). It has also been done through further commissioned research, typically through CIA-created funding vehicles such as the Human
Ecology Fund (Greenfield, 1977; Harper, 2004; McCoy, 2006; Watson, 1978).
over the years (CIA, n.d.-b). This further development has been done within the
agency – for example in the mass torture of prisoners during the Vietnam war (McCoy, 2006), or through the culture-specific elements added for Muslim detainees in the present conflict (Physicians for Human Rights, 2005; Soldz, 2006b). It has also been done through further commissioned research, typically through CIA-created funding vehicles such as the Human
Ecology Fund (Greenfield, 1977; Harper, 2004; McCoy, 2006; Watson, 1978).
The symbiotic relationship of US psychology with influential sections of the US military-security establishment is also suggested by the majority of psychologists on the PENS Task Force with links to the military (see e.g. tinyurl.com/2186at), and what Soldz has argued are carefully crafted rules and guidance to psychologists on this question. He suggests that the APA leadership does not want to risk governmental support for psychology. As the APA Division 19 (Military Psychology) proudly proclaims, the US Department of Defence is the largest employer of psychologists worldwide. The problem is that support of psychology by the past and current US governments is, almost by definition, compromising for the ethics of the profession, not merely at the level of codes of practice but in terms of the very construction of the discipline itself together with its knowledge. Psychologists of our generation simply didn’t learn how classic research by Hebb, Schein, Orne (Harper, 2004), Janis and possibly Milgram (McCoy, 2006) was funded by the defence establishment with a view to improved social control in global conflicts.
As a further example of psychological complicity with state security, Gray and Zielinski (2006) argue that the CIA’s handbook on counter-insurgency (CIA, n.d.-a), used to such devastating effect on human rights in Central America, is likely to have been written by psychologists.
Considering the wording, and taking account of the size of the psychological operations units in the US army (the 4th Psychological Operations Group at Fort Bragg currently has 1300 staff and accounts for 26 per cent of the 5000 total: Pike, 2006), we too find this plausible.
Considering the wording, and taking account of the size of the psychological operations units in the US army (the 4th Psychological Operations Group at Fort Bragg currently has 1300 staff and accounts for 26 per cent of the 5000 total: Pike, 2006), we too find this plausible.
More than interrogation
No doubt some readers will be thinking that this is dirty work, but someone has to do it – that the ends, in terms of intelligence gained from interrogation, justifies the means. Yet consider the current conflict in Iraq: is the use of torture and ill treatment really a matter of interrogation and intelligence? It seems that in the 10 known US prisons, more than 50,000 people were detained at some point in 2005. Many were ill-treated using the various techniques known as psychological torture. At least 26 have been killed (Physicians for Human Rights, 2005). In addition to the death toll for Iraqis outside prison – some 186,000 excess deaths attributable to the coalition forces (Burnham et al., 2006) – and atrocities like the destruction of Fallujah, this massive intervention has the familiar characteristics of the regimes imposed on Vietnam and in
Latin America, where social control is imposed on a population by the establishment of fear. It has been suggested (e.g. Gray, 2006) that many of the torture victims are not actually interrogated, and are returned in extreme distress as a lesson to the population – just as the mutilated corpses left by the US-trained death squads in the Latin American dictatorships had the same purpose (CIA, n.d.-a).
Latin America, where social control is imposed on a population by the establishment of fear. It has been suggested (e.g. Gray, 2006) that many of the torture victims are not actually interrogated, and are returned in extreme distress as a lesson to the population – just as the mutilated corpses left by the US-trained death squads in the Latin American dictatorships had the same purpose (CIA, n.d.-a).
An enduring conflict
We would like to conclude by broadening the perspective further, just as radical psychologists have tried to argue that psychology should extend its analysis to the societal construction of psychological life and the mechanisms of social control (Armistead, 1974; Martín-Baró, 1996;
Parker, 1999). In our view, the imperialist state has for years been harnessing its psychology to refine its methods of social control (Herman, 1995; Prilleltensky, 1994), whether through anti-democratic, pro-system propaganda in the core countries of the West (Carey, 1997) or in
the control of those populations who try to take on the empire and its economic system (Duckett, 2005; Lira, 2000; Martín-Baró, 1988).
Parker, 1999). In our view, the imperialist state has for years been harnessing its psychology to refine its methods of social control (Herman, 1995; Prilleltensky, 1994), whether through anti-democratic, pro-system propaganda in the core countries of the West (Carey, 1997) or in
the control of those populations who try to take on the empire and its economic system (Duckett, 2005; Lira, 2000; Martín-Baró, 1988).
The implication of this analysis is that socially responsible psychologists should by all means work to achieve a coherent stance by organised psychology on torture and interrogation. This stance should be backed by a clear ethical code, and it should a) prohibit any involvement in
interrogation; b) prohibit psychologists from taking research and development money from state security organisations; and c) encourage involvement in the promotion of humane policies of detention and crime prevention, and against neocolonial military adventures.
interrogation; b) prohibit psychologists from taking research and development money from state security organisations; and c) encourage involvement in the promotion of humane policies of detention and crime prevention, and against neocolonial military adventures.
But we should not fall into the trap of thinking that this will change the basic paradigm of social control exerted by the state, which will also pick up and use psychological knowledge not produced in a military/state security context. Nor will it do much by itself to reduce the influence of the security apparatus on North American psychology – itself the hegemonic force in world psychology, and one that touches us all.
■ Mark Burton is a qualified clinical psychologist who now works as a manager in a public service. He writes here in a personal capacity. He is also a Visiting Professor at Manchester Metropolitan University.
■ Carolyn Kagan is Professor of Community Social Psychology and Director of the Research Institute for Health and Social Change at Manchester Metropolitan University.
How can psychologists best work to prevent military interventions in other countries?
How can psychologists best support initiatives to end torture and abuse of people in detention?
Have your say on these or other issues this article raises. E-mail ‘Letters’ on psychologist@bps.org.uk or contribute (members only) via http://www.psychforum.org.uk/.
Have your say on these or other issues this article raises. E-mail ‘Letters’ on psychologist@bps.org.uk or contribute (members only) via http://www.psychforum.org.uk/.
WEBLINKS
On the APA controversy: tinyurl.com/38dopfPsychologists for Social Responsibility: http://www.psysr.org/ The Martín Baró Fund: tinyurl.com/27qwbaThe CIA’s interrogation manual: www.kimsoft.com/2000/kubark.htm UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: www.hrweb.org/legal/cat.html
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American Psychological Association.(2005). Report of the AmericanPsychological Association Presidential
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Reconstructing social psychology.Harmondsworth: Penguin.Basoglu, M., Livanou, M. & Crnobari, C.(2007).
Torture vs other cruel,inhuman, and degrading treatment:Is the distinction real or apparent?Archives of General Psychiatry, 64,277–285.Behnke, S. (2006).
Ethics andInterrogations: Comparing andcontrasting the AmericanPsychological,American Medicaland American Psychiatric
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Tuesday, October 31, 2006
Self Image Psychology
assalamu alaykum,
a good talk by Yassir Fazaga regarding covering a wide scope of Islamic perspective of psychology, including self esteem, anxiety and more...
Self Image Psychology - Part 01
Self Image Psychology - Part 02
Self Image Psychology - Part 03
Self Image Psychology - Part 04
Self Image Psychology - Part 05
Self Image Psychology - Part 06
Self Image Psychology - Part 07
Self Image Psychology - Part 08
Self Image Psychology - Part 09
Self Image Psychology - Part 10
Self Image Psychology - Part 11
Self Image Psychology - Part 12
Self Image Psychology - Part 13
Self Image Psychology - Part 14
Self Image Psychology - Part 15
Self Image Psychology expounds on some of the harmful messages promoted by the western media. The speaker points out how these common messages damage the Muslims’ self-image psychology. Among the many things discussed in this presentation are examples of proper self-respect and self-reverence from the lives of the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad (s). In addition, the speaker mentions common acts that entail lack of self esteem, such as the changing of Muslim names to non Muslim ones and the changing of the Islamic identity in general. The mere nature of this discussion reveals how Muslims today really view themselves.
http://www.ilmquest.org/
http://www.audioislam.com/?subcategory=Taqwa
a good talk by Yassir Fazaga regarding covering a wide scope of Islamic perspective of psychology, including self esteem, anxiety and more...
Self Image Psychology - Part 01
Self Image Psychology - Part 02
Self Image Psychology - Part 03
Self Image Psychology - Part 04
Self Image Psychology - Part 05
Self Image Psychology - Part 06
Self Image Psychology - Part 07
Self Image Psychology - Part 08
Self Image Psychology - Part 09
Self Image Psychology - Part 10
Self Image Psychology - Part 11
Self Image Psychology - Part 12
Self Image Psychology - Part 13
Self Image Psychology - Part 14
Self Image Psychology - Part 15
Self Image Psychology expounds on some of the harmful messages promoted by the western media. The speaker points out how these common messages damage the Muslims’ self-image psychology. Among the many things discussed in this presentation are examples of proper self-respect and self-reverence from the lives of the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad (s). In addition, the speaker mentions common acts that entail lack of self esteem, such as the changing of Muslim names to non Muslim ones and the changing of the Islamic identity in general. The mere nature of this discussion reveals how Muslims today really view themselves.
http://www.ilmquest.org/
http://www.audioislam.com/?subcategory=Taqwa
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